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The most probable diagnosis in the case of a patient experiencing a rise in body temperature during a transfusion without hemolytic symptoms is a febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction. This type of reaction is relatively common and is characterized by the development of fever and chills, typically due to the release of cytokines from white blood cells in the transfused blood product. Unlike hemolytic reactions, which are caused by the destruction of red blood cells due to ABO incompatibility or other immunologic mechanisms, febrile non-hemolytic reactions do not present with hemolysis, allowing for differentiation between these two conditions.
Patients may have a slight increase in temperature (usually greater than 1°C) during or shortly after the transfusion but do not experience the serious symptoms like back pain, dark urine, or significant drops in blood pressure indicative of hemolytic reactions or bacterial contamination, which can also present with severe febrile responses. Moreover, allergic reactions would typically present with symptoms such as urticaria or itching, not just fever alone.
Therefore, considering the absence of hemolytic symptoms, febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction is the most appropriate diagnosis.